Carbon Capture & Storage CCS

As per IEA Global energy-related CO2 emissions in 2022 were over 36.8 Gt.
To achieve Net Zero by 2050, 4.2 gigatons per annum (GTPA) of CO2 capture is required.

Carbon capture, utilization and storage/sequestration (CCUS) is a process that captures carbon dioxide emissions from sources like coal-fired power plants,chemicals, aviation, cement industries etc or directly from air/sea and either reuses or stores it so it will not enter the atmosphere.

CCS - Carbon capture, Storage

Capture
Capture Technologies include - Chemical absorption of CO2 using solvent,
- Physical separation of CO2 using adsorption, absorption, cryogenic separation, or dehydration and compression
- Membrane separation using membranes with high CO2 selectivity,
- Calcium looping - CO2 capture at a high temperature using two main reactors
- Chemical looping
- Direct Separation

Direct air capture (DAC) captures carbon from the atmosphere and stores it deep underground. To be economically feasible, DAC Costs needs to be $100/tonne of CO2 removed.

Sea water CO2 capture - Sea Water has concentrated levels of CO2 and ocean waters are a larger carbon sink that absorbs 30 to 40 percent of all carbon emissions from human activity.
Storage
Storage options include - enhanced oil recovery, saline formations, and depleted oil and gas reserves

CCU - Carbon capture, utilization

carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) puts the some of the recovered CO2 to use in other ways, often to help with oil extractions, and in urea, concrete, syntheic methane e.g CO2 can be converted to ethanol


Carbon Capture companies

Govt and policy

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  Carbon Trading.
  

  Greenhouse Gases Accounting
  Greenhouse Gases Accounting Steps.

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  ESG
  

  ESG Ratings Agencies.
  Greenwashing

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